Is salvation a gift of God’s grace or something God’s followers must earn by good works? How do we reconcile the two emphases that salvation is a bestowal of God’s mercy and that the final judgment will involve an assessment of the way people have lived?

In Paul and Palestinian Judaism (1977), E. P. Sanders defined the terms and laid the groundwork for this crucial debate. Sanders’s "New Perspective" sought to resolve the tension between grace and good deeds by arguing that for the Jews of Paul’s day, entrance into God’s covenant was a gift of God’s grace while remaining in the covenant required good works done in obedience to God.

Sanders’s opponents have disputed the works side of his formulation, taking issue with his contention that obedience is required to retain right standing in God’s covenant. In Judgment and Justification, Chris VanLandingham challenges the grace side of the Sanders thesis, arguing that Paul’s teaching on salvation establishes good works as the criterion for salvation at the final judgment.

VanLandingham does a careful, text-by-text survey of early Jewish literature, interacting with a wide range of biblical scholars who deal with the themes of salvation and judgment found in these texts and in the Pauline writings. VanLandingham wraps up this survey with a challenging reassessment of Paul’s teaching in the light of the Jewish thinking of his time.